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What you’ll learn:
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Nature of virus as etiological agent
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viral taxonomy
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viral replication
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pathogenesis of viral diseases
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viral genetics
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mechanism of infection
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lab diagnosis of viral diseases
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vaccination against viral diseases
Description:
in scientific fiction and reality virus is a June premiere virus was the most mysterious subject in medicine bacterial filter discovery electron microscope we unveil this mystery
in this course we speak about history of discovery virus structure virus classifications virus multiplication virus pathogenesis zoonosis some important viruses hepatitis
Rabies is a vaccine preventable, zoonotic, viral disease. Once clinical symptoms appear, rabies is. Vaccinating dogs is the most
cost effective strategy for preventing rabies in people. post
exposure prophylaxis Post exposure prophylaxis(PEP) is the immediate treatment of a bite victim after rabies exposure. This prevents virus entry into
the central nervous system, which results in imminent death. PEP consists of:•Extensive washing and local treatment of the bite wound or
scratch as soon as possible after a suspected exposure;•a course of potent and effective rabies vaccine and the administration of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), if indicated
Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections v1-Sampling
2-Virus isolation
3-Nucleic acid based methods
polymerase chain reaction
sequencingv4-Microscopy based methods immunofluorescence Electron microscopy 5-Host antibody detection 6-Hemagglutination assay
sampling temperatures (usually 4 °C) to preserve the virus and prevent bacterial or fungal growth. Sometimes multiple sites may also be sampled.
Types of samples include the following A wide variety of samples can be used for virologic testing. The type of sample sent to the laboratory often depends on the type of viral infection being diagnosed and the test required Proper sampling technique is essential to avoid potential pre-analytical errors .For example and stored at appropriate stored at appropriate temperatures (usually 4 °C) to preserve the virus and prevent bacterial or fungal growth. 1.Nasopharyngeal swab
2.Blood skin. Sputum, gargles and bronchial washings .Urine .Semen Faces .Cerebrospinal fluid .Tissues biopsies or post-mortem
Viruses are often isolated from the initial patient sample. This allows the virus sample to be grown into larger quantities and allows a larger number of tests to be run on them. This is particularly important for samples that contain new or rare viruses for which diagnostic tests are not yet developed Many viruses can be grown in cell culture in the lab.
To do this, the virus sample is mixed with cells, a process called adsorption, after which the cells become infected and produce more copies of the virus Although different viruses often only grow in certain types of cells, there are cells that support the growth of a large variety of viruses and are a good starting point, for example, the African monkey kidney cell line (Vero cells), human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), and human epidermoid carcinoma cells (HEp-2). One means of determining whether the cells are successfully replicating the virus is to check for a change in cell morphology or for the presence of cell death using a microscope Other viruses may require alternative methods for growth such as the inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs
(e.g. avian influenza viruses
[4]) or the intracranial inoculation of virus using newborn mice (e.g. lyssaviruses
[Nucleic acid based methods
Molecular techniques are the most specific and sensitive diagnostic tests
They are capable of detecting either the whole viral genome or parts of the viral genome.
In the past nucleic acid tests have mainly been used as a secondary test to confirm positive serological results However, as they become cheaper and more automated, they are increasingly becoming the primary
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Viral replication is the formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells. Viruses must first get into the cell before viral replication can occur.
Through the generation of abundant copies of its genome and packaging these copies, the virus continues infecting new hosts. Replication between viruses is greatly varied and depends on the type of genes involved in them Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm. viruses multiply only in living cells. The host cell must provide the energy and synthetic machinery and the low- molecular-weight precursors for the synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acids
virus life cycle
1.Attachment
2.Entry,
3.Uncoating,
4.Transcription / mRNA production,
5.Synthesis of virus components,
6.Virion assembly and
Viral replication of a bacteriophage[3]
7- Release (Liberation Stage).
Attachment It is the first step of viral replication. The virus attaches to the cell membrane of the host cell. It then injects its DNA or RNA into the host to initiate infection..
In animal cells these viruses get into the cell through the process of endocytosis which works through fusing of the virus and fusing of the viral envelope with the cell membrane of the animal cell
Entry[
The cell membrane of the host cell invaginates the virus particle, enclosing it in a pinocytotic vacuole. This protects the cell from antibodies like in the case of the HIV virus.
Uncoating Uncoating
Cell enzymes
(from lysosomes) strip off the virus protein coat. This releases or renders accessible the virus nucleic acid or genome Transcription / mRNA production[]
For some RNA viruses, the infecting RNA produces messenger RNA (mRNA), which can translate the genome into protein products
For viruses with negative stranded RNA, or DNA, viruses are produced by transcription then translation.
The mRNA is used to instruct the host cell to make virus components. The virus takes advantage of the existing cell structures to replicate itself
synthesis of virus components[
The components are manufactured by the virus using the host’s existing organelles:
•Viral proteins: Viral mRNA is translated on cellular ribosomes into two types of viral protein:
•Structural: proteins which make up the virus particle
•Nonstructural: proteins not found in the virus particle, mainly enzymes for virus genome replication
Viral nucleic acid (genome replication): New viral genomes are synthesized; templates are either the parental genome or newly formed complementary strands, in the case of single-stranded genomes. These genomes are made by either a viral polymerase or (in some DNA viruses) a cellular enzyme, particularly in rapidly dividing cells
Virion assembly A virion is simply an active or intact virus particle. In this stage, newly synthesized genome (nucleic acid), and proteins are assembled to form new virus particles.
This may take place in the cell’s nucleus, cytoplasm, or at plasma membrane for most developed viruses.
Release (liberation stage
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